Introduction: Long-term clinical evaluation of dental implants and their surrounding structures is of utmost importance to acquire knowledge about reasons for implant success and failure.However, accurate and reproducible results are difficult to obtain. The aim of the present study was to examine bone height around endosseous implants on Digital conventional radiographs (DCR) and direct Digital subtraction images (DSI) prior to loading.Materials and methods: In this experimental study, bone height around 10 implants in 6 patients was assessed by 2 observers. Standardized Digital radiographs were obtained just a week and 3 months postoperatively and subtracted by means of EMAGO software. Then the observers evaluated bone height on DCRs and DSIs. MINITAB software and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis (a=0.05).Results: Comparative evaluation of bone height indicated significantly higher values on DCR than on DSI (p value=0.002). The observers also had statistically significant variability in this assessment (p value=0.00003).Conclusion: DSI demonstrated lower values of linear measurement of bone height around endosseous implants compared with DCR. Interobserver variability should be considered when comparing values from follow-up studies.

Empowering youth for employability, which means having the set of knowledge, Skills, and attitudes to get a job and play an effective role in the labor market, is one of the main priorities of governments in development programs. This issue is especially important for rural youth people as an important labor force in the rural economy and undoubtedly, not paying attention to the capabilities of the rural youth will result in wasting human resources and migration in villages. Due to the extensive progress in various scientific and technological fields and also increasingly changing conditions, needs, and expectations of societies, adapting the content of youth skill training to scientific and technological advances and social developments is one of the concerns of the skill training systems. To fulfill this purpose, there is an urgent need to an intelligent plan to create innovative and effective process and content changes in order to cover the skill gaps of young people in the field of new technologies, especially Digital technologies. In this research, the role of Digital Skills and knowledge in empowering rural youth for employability in future has been discussed using the methodology of review studies. Also, the necessity of modeling and implementing effective processes to create and strengthen the Skills and knowledge needed for rural youth employability to face the future challenges of employment has been investigated.

Marketers' Skills in Digital marketing are of particular importance to corporate executives or individuals who want to develop their business and attract more customers. The main purpose of this study is to measure business Skills (research Skills, technical and applied knowledge, monitoring and measurement, and ability of Digital Skills integration), and technical Skills (Organizational Skills, future prediction, and customer relationship Skills) among Digital marketers. This study is conducted on a survey basis, using the model of Rowell and Len, (2014) and descriptive data collection method. Proposed factors were analyzed using Pearson correlation test, one-sample t-test, paired t-test, t-test with two independent samples, and variance analysis through the significance-performance matrix which were conducted through SPSS. The resulted significance levels show that the highest average is related to future forecasting Skills (with the value of 4. 6188), and the integration of Digital Skills (4. 4989), also the largest gap in the dimensions of Digital marketer's Skills is related to future prediction Skills (-1. 0014), and monitoring and measurement Skills (-0. 8913).

Introduction and statement of the problem: We live in the age of information and communication technologies as the main tools of production in which having Skills in such technologies contribute to enhancing social and wealth status of the people (Rogers¡ 2016). Differently put¡ a lack of access to technology and Digital literacy and communication Skills may lead to furthering deprivation of groups and communities (Subramony¡ 2007¡ 2011). At present¡ access to the information and communication technologies and knowing how to use these technologies are of great importance in both developed and developing communities. Without access to the information and communication technologies¡ especially internet¡ and without having necessary specialty along with the attitude toward using information and communication technology¡ it is not possible to gain information electronically¡ that is¡ to use Digital opportunities in achieving personal and public goals (Yousefi Saied Abadi & Mohseni¡ 2012). To date¡ much research has been conducted on the determinant factors affecting physical access to Digital technologies both inside and outside. This is while little research has been carried out on the determinant factors affecting usage of information and communication technologies and identifying the variables affecting a shift from physical access to usage¡ i. e. ¡ benefiting from full capacities of information and communication technologies. For that reason¡ this argument aims at filling such research gap focusing on the city of Rafsanjan. So far¡ the previous research has found out that the common and functional use of computer and internet has higher importance compared to the physical access to computer and internet in the literature on Digital divide. Here¡ this research seeks to answer the question of what is the role of variables such as Digital literacy and skill and motivational access in the causal relationship between physical access and usage. Knowing variables playing a role in these two access levels is of great importance¡ especially for policy makers and enthusiasts of development areas in general and especially media world. Theoretical Background: in the research related to the issue of Digital divide¡ some factors have been investigated including the usage (Bizirgianni & Dionysopoulou¡ 2013; Huang¡ Hood¡ & Yoo¡ 2013)¡ Digital skill and literacy (Ferro¡ Helbig¡ & Gil-Garcia¡ 2011; Hargittai¡ 2002; van Dijk¡ 2006)¡ motivational access (Ferro et al. ¡ 2011; van Dijk¡ 2006) and physical access (Li & Ranieri¡ 2013; Park¡ Choi¡ & Hong¡ 2015; van Dijk¡ 2006) to computer and internet. when it became possible to basically use internet through providing accessibility¡ The usage has become more meaningful as online experience including the duration and rate of skillful use of internet and the ability to use internet to do a wide spectrum of online activities(DiMaggio¡ Hargittai¡ Celeste¡ & Shafer¡ 2004; Hargittai & Hinnant¡ 2008; Howard¡ Rainie¡ & Jones¡ n. d.; James¡ 2012). The usage can be studied in terms of the criteria of when to use¡ how to use applications¡ the number and variety of use¡ broadband and or narrowband use¡ more or less use¡ active or creative use (Van Dijk¡ 2006). The studies by Van Dijk (2006)¡ Zhao et al (Zhao¡ Kim¡ Suh¡ & Du¡ 2007)¡ Roshandel¡ Kazemi and Haj Esmailie (2015) have emphasized the importance of cultural factor and motivational access in acceptance and use of information and communication technologies and have introduced motivational access as a prerequisite for physical access. The skill of using internet is a critical component of human resources¡ because more skillful users have better condition to use internet (Hargittai & Shafer¡ 2006). McClure (1994) introduced the network literacy and or internet Skills as the ability to identify¡ to access and to use the information online. Methodology: The research method is applied in terms of the goal and it is a descriptive-correlative one in terms of type of the research. The study population of this research includes citizens of the city of Rafsanjan amounting to 1511420 inhabitants¡ according to census 2012. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire of this research consists of questions that have been designed based on Likert’s five-item scale ranging from items of very low to very high. The statistical sample of the research was determined as 384 individuals using Cochran formula in confidence level of 0. 95% that was increased to 600 individuals in order to increase accuracy. The research sampling method was a clustering one and the data were collected from 504 questionnaires and were used in analyses. The calculated Chronbach’s alpha coefficient of research variables is 0. 93 for Digital Skills and literacy variable¡ 0. 94 for usage variable¡ 0. 87 for level of motivational access to computer and internet and 0. 86 for the level of physical access to computer and internet. Based on such tests¡ it can be said that the reliability of measurement tool is desirable. To examine research hypotheses¡ Amos graphics software was used to perform structural equation modeling. Results And Discussion: The results indicated that there is a meaningful and positive correlation between physical access to computer and motivation access to these technologies. In addition¡ the results confirmed the meaningful and positive effect of physical access to computer and internet on Digital skill and literacy¡ and the meaningful and positive effect of physical access to computer and internet on the usage of these technologies. The findings also showed that the motivational access to communication and information technologies such as computer and internet has meaningful effect on Digital skill and literacy. It was also found that the Digital skill and literacy play a role in the relationship between physical access to computer and internet and usage of these technologies. Considering the research findings¡ although physical access of citizens to computer and internet is necessary as a primary measure to reduce and remove Digital divide¡ it is not sufficient and it is critical to develop and implement various functional policies and applications in order to enhance motivational access and Digital Skills. According to findings of this research¡ what is important in both reducing Digital divide in the level of physical access and Digital divide in the level of usage is the motivational access. It can also be reached through convincing people to use Digital media that some have proposed it as cultural¡ social and mental access. The issues like technology anxiety¡ computer anxiety¡ lack of the sense of usefulness and effectiveness of Digital media are of the causes of unwillingness to usage of technologies that can be improved through programs like enhancing cyber security and comparability of the content provided with local cultures and values.

The purpose of this research was to measure the level of knowledge and performance regarding Digital citizenship Skills among students of the second secondary level of Sananda, Iran. Employing a descriptive-survey research design, the study targeted a population of secondary-level students, selected through a non-random sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire made up of the questionnaire of Al-Zahrani (2015) and Choi et al. (2017) and some questions, the reliability of which was 0.88 Cronbach's alpha method. Obtained. The questionnaire was administered online. The findings revealed that students demonstrated low performance in the domains of Digital business, Digital communication, internet political activism, and critical perspective. Furthermore, students exhibited limited knowledge in the critical perspective domain. In the component of Digital communication, students had average knowledge, and in the components of technical Skills, Digital etiquette, and Digital security, students had high performance, and in the component of Digital etiquette, Digital law, Digital health and wellness, students had high knowledge. Based on the results obtained and in line with the development and promotion of Digital citizenship Skills, it is recommended that targeted educational content be integrated into the curriculum and instructional materials at the upper secondary level to better prepare students for responsible participation in the Digital world.